Quiz: Upper Ontologies Compared: BFO, DOLCE, gist, SUMO and 4D

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Question 1 of 3

1. Question

Which statement about BFO matches the lesson?

It is a large ontology of several thousand concepts with heavy SUO-KIF axiomatisation and mappings to WordNet
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BFO 2020 is standardised as ISO/IEC 21838-2:2021, is deliberately tiny at 35 classes and roughly 45 relations, and splits reality into continuants and occurrents
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It is a four-dimensionalist ontology in which identity is settled by spatiotemporal extent
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It is vendor-governed by Semantic Arts and shipped version 14.0.0 on 31 October 2025
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Question 2 of 3

2. Question

Which characterisation of the contenders is correct?

DOLCE is explicitly descriptive, modelling the categories implicit in human language and cognition rather than claiming to carve reality itself, and it is the intellectual wellspring of OntoClean
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gist is the ISO-standardised realist upper ontology that the US Department of Defense adopted as baseline in 2024
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SUMO is a minimal enterprise ontology of a few hundred concepts designed for time to value on commercial deadlines
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DOLCE's distinguishing feature is sheer scale, with thousands of concepts mapped to the entire WordNet lexicon
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Question 3 of 3

3. Question

What does the lesson say about the cost of aligning two domain ontologies built under different upper ontologies?

It is essentially free once both are expressed in OWL, because owl:equivalentClass can be asserted mechanically between matching labels
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It is handled automatically by SHACL 1.2 Rules, which derive the bridge axioms from validation reports
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It is unnecessary provided you adopt no upper ontology at all, which is why the lesson recommends skipping the decision
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Bridges are hard because the disagreements are foundational rather than terminological, since a BFO continuant and a 4D spatiotemporal extent are not two names for one thing; the realistic budget is weeks of expert time plus tests, versioning and maintenance
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Quiz: Upper Ontologies Compared: BFO, DOLCE, gist, SUMO and 4D

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